Carcharhinus leucas

Superorder: Galeomorphii

Subclass: Elasmobranchii

Order: Carcharhiniformes

Family: Carcharhinidae

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External references for this species:

IUCN Red List
Species Regulated by International Treaties

CITES: Appendix II (2022)

Traits

Ecological Role

Name Value Standard ValueType Sex Location Reference
Direct Predation High Effect size mean Pooled North Carolina myers2007
Direct Predation Medium Strength of evidence mean Pooled North Carolina myers2007
Risk Effect Medium Effect size mean Pooled North Carolina myers2007
Risk Effect Low Strength of evidence mean Pooled North Carolina myers2007
Trophic Cascade High Effect size mean Pooled North Carolina myers2007
Trophic Cascade Low Strength of evidence mean Pooled North Carolina myers2007
Direct Predation Medium Effect size mean Pooled North Carolina grubbs2016
Direct Predation Low Strength of evidence mean Pooled North Carolina grubbs2016
Risk Effect Medium Effect size mean Pooled North Carolina grubbs2016
Risk Effect Low Strength of evidence mean Pooled North Carolina grubbs2016
Trophic Cascade Low Effect size mean Pooled North Carolina grubbs2016
Trophic Cascade Low Strength of evidence mean Pooled North Carolina grubbs2016
Risk Effect Medium Effect size mean Pooled Biscayne Bay, Florida phenix2019
Risk Effect Medium Strength of evidence mean Pooled Biscayne Bay, Florida phenix2019
Risk Effect Medium Effect size mean Pooled Shark River Estuary, Florida matich2011
Risk Effect Medium Strength of evidence mean Pooled Shark River Estuary, Florida matich2011
Risk Effect Medium Effect size mean Pooled Shark River Estuary, Florida matich2014
Risk Effect Medium Strength of evidence mean Pooled Shark River Estuary, Florida matich2014
Direct Predation Medium Effect size mean Pooled Caribbean clementi2021
Direct Predation Medium Strength of evidence mean Pooled Caribbean clementi2021
Direct Predation High Effect size mean Pooled South Africa Natal Coast vanderelst1979
Direct Predation Medium Strength of evidence mean Pooled South Africa Natal Coast vanderelst1979
Direct Predation High Effect size mean Pooled South Africa Natal Coast vanderelst1979

Length

Name Value Standard ValueType Sex Location Reference
Length at first maturity 204 cm TL raw_value Female Gulf of Mexico arriolagodfrey1998
Length at first maturity 200 cm TL raw_value Male Gulf of Mexico arriolagodfrey1998
Length at first maturity 204 cm TL raw_value Female Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
Length at first maturity 190 cm TL min Male Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
Length at maternity 256 cm TL raw_value Female Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
Lmax-observed 243 cm TL raw_value Male Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
Length at first maturity 200 cm TL raw_value Male Campeche uribemartinez1993
Length at first maturity 204 cm TL raw_value Female Campeche uribemartinez1993
Lmax-observed 251 cm TL raw_value Male Campeche uribemartinez1993
Lmax-observed 276 cm TL raw_value Female Campeche uribemartinez1993
Lbirth 70 cm TL raw_value Pooled Campeche uribemartinez1993
Lmax-observed 291 cm TL max Male Indonesia white2007a
Lmax-observed 197 cm TL max Female Indonesia white2007a
Lmax-observed 400 cm TL max Female Breede Estuary, Eastern Cape mccord2009
Body Mass 600 kg raw_value Female Breede Estuary, Eastern Cape mccord2009
Lmax-observed 130 cm TL max Female Arari, Maranhão State, Brazil feitosa2016
Body Mass 35 kg raw_value Female Arari, Maranhão State, Brazil feitosa2016
Length at first maturity 210 cm TL min Male Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
Length at first maturity 225 cm TL raw_value Female Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
Lmax-observed 245 cm TL max Male Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
Lmax-observed 268 cm TL max Female Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
Length of largest immature 212 cm TL max Male Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
Length of largest immature 198 cm TL max Female Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
Lmax-observed 211 cm FL max Male East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
Lmax-observed 223.5 cm FL max Female East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
Lbirth 60.8 cm FL mean Male East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
Lbirth 62.2 cm FL mean Female East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
Lmax-observed 192 cm TL max Pooled Gulf of Papua White2019

Reproduction

Name Value Standard ValueType Sex Location Reference
Uterine fecundity 5 n mean Female Gulf of Mexico arriolagodfrey1998

Growth

Name Value Standard ValueType Sex Location Reference
Linf 256.4 cm raw_value Female Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
Linf 262.1 cm raw_value Male Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
Linf 248.4 cm raw_value Pooled Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
k 0.1397 Coefficient raw_value Female Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
k 0.1235 Coefficient raw_value Male Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
k 0.1692 Coefficient raw_value Pooled Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
t0 -1.935 Year raw_value Female Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
t0 -2.44 Year raw_value Male Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
t0 -1.03 Year raw_value Pooled Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
Linf 285 Coefficient raw_value Pooled Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
k 0.076 Coefficient raw_value Pooled Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
t0 -3 Coefficient raw_value Pooled Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
Linf 357 Coefficient raw_value Pooled Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
k 0.045 Coefficient raw_value Pooled Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
t0 -5 Coefficient raw_value Pooled Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
G 0.154 Coefficient raw_value Female East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
Linf 215.1 Coefficient raw_value Female East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
L0 66.7 Coefficient raw_value Female East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
k 0.163 Coefficient raw_value Male East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
Linf 204.8 Coefficient raw_value Male East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
L0 70.7 Coefficient raw_value Male East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014

Age

Name Value Standard ValueType Sex Location Reference
Age at first maturity 10 Year raw_value Female Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
Age at first maturity 9 Year min Male Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
Amax-estimated 28 Year raw_value Female Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
Amax-estimated 23 Year raw_value Male Southern Gulf of Mexico cruzmartinez2004
Age at first maturity 14 Year min Male Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
Age at first maturity 18 Year raw_value Female Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
Age at first maturity 15 Year min Male East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
Age at first maturity 15 Year raw_value Female East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
Amax-observed 25 Year raw_value Male East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
Amax-observed 27 Year raw_value Female East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014

Relationships

Name Value Standard ValueType Sex Location Reference
a 1.9951 Coefficient raw_value Pooled Campeche uribemartinez1993
b 1.2997 Coefficient raw_value Pooled Campeche uribemartinez1993
b 3.2 Coefficient raw_value Pooled Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
a 2.7e-06 Coefficient raw_value Pooled Northern Gulf of Mexico (Texas, also Florida & Panama) branstetter1987c
a -2.49 Coefficient raw_value Pooled East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
b 0.84 Coefficient raw_value Pooled East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
a 11.32 Coefficient raw_value Male East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
b 13.3 Coefficient raw_value Male East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
a 15.38 Coefficient raw_value Female East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014
b 12.62 Coefficient raw_value Female East coast of US, Between SC & FL natanson2014

Trends

Location Unit Reference
Kwazulu-Natal coast South-Africa
individual dudley2006b Details
Northwest Atlantic
individual carlson2012a Details
Gulf of Mexico
individual froeschke2013 Details
Northwest Atlantic
individual Carlsonunpubl1 Details
Western and Central Pacific
individual Tremblay-Boyer2016 Details
Western and Central Pacific
individual Tremblay-Boyer2016 Details
Texas estuarines (USA)
individual Froeschke2012 Details

Group Trends

Location Unit Reference
Queensland east coastline, Australia
individual Roff2018 Details
Queensland east coastline, Australia
individual Roff2018 Details

Contributors to the data of this species

  • lsaldana
  • egarcia
  • ajudah
  • Simon Dedman
  • Nathan Pacoureau