- aharry
- lsaldana
- egarcia
- ajudah
- Simon Dedman
- Nathan Pacoureau
Superorder: Galeomorphii
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Family: Sphyrnidae
External references for this species:
IUCN Red ListCITES: Appendix II (2013)
CMS: Appendix II (2014)
| Name | Value | Standard | ValueType | Sex | Location | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Effect | Low | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Ningaloo Reef | lester2021a |
| Risk Effect | High | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Ningaloo Reef | lester2021a |
| Risk Effect | Medium | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Biscayne Bay, Florida | phenix2019 |
| Risk Effect | Medium | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Biscayne Bay, Florida | phenix2019 |
| Direct Predation | Medium | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Eastern Pacific Coast to Hawaii | hunsicker2012 |
| Direct Predation | High | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Eastern Pacific Coast to Hawaii | hunsicker2012 |
| Competition | Medium | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Eastern Pacific Coast to Hawaii | hunsicker2012 |
| Competition | High | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Eastern Pacific Coast to Hawaii | hunsicker2012 |
| Direct Predation | High | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | barley2017 |
| Direct Predation | Medium | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | barley2017 |
| Trophic Cascade | Low | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | barley2017 |
| Trophic Cascade | Low | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | barley2017 |
| Direct Predation | High | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | barley2017a |
| Direct Predation | Medium | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | barley2017a |
| Trophic Cascade | Low | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | barley2017a |
| Trophic Cascade | Low | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | barley2017a |
| Direct Predation | High | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | hammerschlag2018 |
| Direct Predation | Medium | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | hammerschlag2018 |
| Trophic Cascade | Low | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | hammerschlag2018 |
| Trophic Cascade | Low | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | hammerschlag2018 |
| Direct Predation | High | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | ruppert2013 |
| Direct Predation | Medium | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | ruppert2013 |
| Trophic Cascade | Low | Effect size | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | ruppert2013 |
| Trophic Cascade | Low | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | Rowley/Scott Reefs | ruppert2013 |
| Direct Predation | High | Effect size | mean | Pooled | North Gulf of Mexico shelf | shepherd2005 |
| Direct Predation | High | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | North Gulf of Mexico shelf | shepherd2005 |
| Trophic Cascade | High | Effect size | mean | Pooled | North Gulf of Mexico shelf | shepherd2005 |
| Trophic Cascade | High | Strength of evidence | mean | Pooled | North Gulf of Mexico shelf | shepherd2005 |
| Name | Value | Standard | ValueType | Sex | Location | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PA | 35 | Coefficient | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| PA | 64 | Coefficient | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| cv_readers | 17.23 | Coefficient | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| Linf | 402.7 | Coefficient | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| k | 0.079 | Coefficient | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| L0 | 70 | Coefficient | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| Linf | 307.8 | Coefficient | Female | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| k | 0.11 | Coefficient | Female | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| t0 | -2.86 | Coefficient | Female | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| sigma-growth | 25.06 | Coefficient | Female | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| Linf | 264.2 | Coefficient | Male | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| k | 0.16 | Coefficient | Male | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| t0 | -1.99 | Coefficient | Male | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| sigma-growth | 16.11 | Coefficient | Male | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| Linf | 286.9 | Coefficient | Pooled | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| k | 0.13 | Coefficient | Pooled | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| t0 | -2.51 | Coefficient | Pooled | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| sigma-growth | 21.44 | Coefficient | Pooled | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| Linf | 264.2 | cm | raw_value | Female | Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| Linf | 307.8 | cm | raw_value | Male | Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| k | 0.16 | Coefficient | raw_value | Female | Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| k | 0.11 | Coefficient | raw_value | Male | Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| t0 | -1.99 | Year | raw_value | Female | Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| t0 | -1.286 | Year | raw_value | Male | Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| Name | Value | Standard | ValueType | Sex | Location | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lmax-observed | 320 | cm FL | Female | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| Lmax-observed | 300 | cm FL | Male | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 | |
| Lmax-observed | 326 | cm PCL | max | Female | Southwest Indian Ocean | cliff1995 |
| Lmax-observed | 264 | cm PCL | max | Male | Southwest Indian Ocean | cliff1995 |
| Lmat50 | 237 | cm PCL | mean | Female | Southwest Indian Ocean | cliff1995 |
| Length at first maturity | 218 | cm PCL | min | Female | Southwest Indian Ocean | cliff1995 |
| Length of largest immature | 246 | cm PCL | max | Female | Southwest Indian Ocean | cliff1995 |
| Lmat50 | 217 | cm PCL | median | Male | Southwest Indian Ocean | cliff1995 |
| Length at first maturity | 192 | cm PCL | max | Male | Southwest Indian Ocean | cliff1995 |
| Length of largest immature | 230 | cm PCL | min | Male | Southwest Indian Ocean | cliff1995 |
| Lmax-observed | 439.7 | cm TL | max | Female | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Lmax-observed | 369.3 | cm TL | max | Male | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Lmat50 | 227.9 | cm TL | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| Length of largest immature | 242 | cm TL | max | Female | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Length of largest immature | 242 | cm TL | max | Male | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Length at first maturity | 212 | cm TL | min | Female | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Length at first maturity | 226.7 | cm TL | min | Male | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Lbirth | 71 | cm TL | max | Male | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Lmax-observed | 315 | cm FL | raw_value | Female | Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| Lmax-observed | 300 | cm FL | raw_value | Male | Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| Lmat50 | 224 | cm FL | median | Female | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| Lmat50 | 187 | cm FL | median | Male | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| Lmax-observed | 409 | cm TL | max | Female | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Lmax-observed | 445 | cm TL | max | Male | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Length at first maturity | 210 | cm TL | min | Female | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Length of largest immature | 230 | cm TL | max | Female | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Lmat50 | 210 | cm TL | min | Female | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Lmat50 | 225 | cm TL | visual_estimation | Male | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Length at first maturity | 210 | cm TL | min | Male | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Length of largest immature | 258 | cm TL | max | Male | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Lbirth | 65.9 | cm TL | min | Pooled | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Lbirth | 64 | g | max | Female | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Lmax-observed | 424 | cm TL | raw_value | Female | Nayarit - Mexican Central Pacific | tovaravila2014 |
| Length at first maturity | 318 | cm TL | raw_value | Male | Campeche | uribemartinez1993 |
| Length at first maturity | 298 | cm TL | raw_value | Female | Campeche | uribemartinez1993 |
| Lmax-observed | 329 | cm TL | raw_value | Male | Campeche | uribemartinez1993 |
| Lmax-observed | 432 | cm TL | raw_value | Female | Campeche | uribemartinez1993 |
| Lbirth | 62 | cm TL | raw_value | Pooled | Campeche | uribemartinez1993 |
| Lmax-observed | 150 | cm TL | max | Pooled | Gulf of Papua | White2019 |
| Name | Value | Standard | ValueType | Sex | Location | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amax-observed | 44 | Year | max | Female | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| Amax-observed | 42 | Year | max | Male | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| Amax-observed | 39.1 | Year | max | Female | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Amax-observed | 31.7 | Year | max | Male | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Amat50 | 8.3 | Year | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| Age at first maturity | 6.7 | Year | min | Female | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Age at first maturity | 8.6 | Year | min | Male | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Age of largest immature | 7.6 | Year | max | Female | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Age of largest immature | 9.8 | Year | max | Male | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Amax-observed | 44 | Year | raw_value | Female | Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| Amax-observed | 42 | Year | raw_value | Male | Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| Amat50 | 5 | Year | min | Pooled | Northwest Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico | piercy2010 |
| Amax-observed | 45 | Year | raw_value | Female | Nayarit - Mexican Central Pacific | tovaravila2014 |
| Name | Value | Standard | ValueType | Sex | Location | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uterine fecundity | 18 | n | min | Female | Southwest Indian Ocean | fourmanoir1961 |
| Parturition | October | Month | min | Female | East Australian coast | harry2011a |
| Uterine fecundity | 39 | n | Female | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| Breeding | October | Month | min | Female | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Parturition | December | Month | min | Female | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Gestation length | 11 | Month | Female | Timor Sea | stevens1989d | |
| Uterine fecundity | 15.4 | n | mean | Female | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Embryonic sex ratio | 0.5012987012987012 | n | raw_value | Female | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Breeding interval | 2 | Year | Female | Timor Sea | stevens1989d |
| Name | Value | Standard | ValueType | Sex | Location | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | 4.9 | Coefficient | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| b | 1.29 | Coefficient | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| a | 7.419 | Coefficient | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| b | 1.39 | Coefficient | Pooled | East Australian coast | harry2011a | |
| a | 3.58 | Coefficient | Pooled | Timor Sea | stevens1989d | |
| b | 1.29 | Coefficient | Pooled | Timor Sea | stevens1989d | |
| a | 0.00123 | Coefficient | Pooled | Timor Sea | stevens1989d | |
| b | 3.24 | Coefficient | Pooled | Timor Sea | stevens1989d | |
| a | 1.379 | Coefficient | raw_value | Pooled | Campeche | uribemartinez1993 |
| b | 1.3608 | Coefficient | raw_value | Pooled | Campeche | uribemartinez1993 |
| Location | Unit | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwazulu-Natal coast South-Africa | individual | dudley2006b | Details | |
| West Atlantic | individual | jiao2011 | Details | |
| West Atlantic | individual | jiao2011 | Details | |
| USA northwest Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas | individual | CarlsonDriggersunpubl3 | Details | |
| USA northwest Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas | individual | CarlsonDriggersunpubl4 | Details |
| Location | Unit | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Queensland east coastline, Australia | individual | Roff2018 | Details | |
| Queensland east coastline, Australia | individual | Roff2018 | Details | |
| Cairns & Townsville, Australia | individual | simpfendorfer2011b | Details | |
| Pilbara and Kimberley, Northwest Australia | kg | McAuley2012 | Details | |
| West Atlantic | individual | baum2010 | Details | |
| Brazil coast to mid Atlantic | individual | bezerra2016 | Details | |
| West Atlantic | individual | baum2003 | Details | |
| South Pacific | individual | rice2015 | Details | |
| New South Wales coast Australia | individual | reid2011 | Details |